Moreover, a certain sense of cultural affinity among brand owners, network controllers and garment factory owners combined with and a loose interpretation of European solidarity reinforce convivial relations. SouthEastern European clothing manufacturers possess the experience in high quality production and the important backward linkages necessary to source materials and trimmings either locally and/or regionally. Regional manufacturing networks which were unable to compete with the " China price ", have recently started to produce more specialized clothing. The authors may be contacted at and production reshoring is on the increase within the European Continent. Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at. It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world. This paper is a product of the International Trade Department, Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Network. With the ultimate objective to increase the value (the development content) for trade, it also offers strategies to maximize the benefits and minimize the risks of developing countries’ participation in global value chains. With a clear operational focus, it provides guidance for countries willing to join, maintain participation, and/or move up global value chains. This paper provides a framework and analytical tools for measuring and improving a country’s performance with respect to participation in global value chains. Trade, competitiveness and development policies should be reshaped accordingly to seize these opportunities and avoid the risks associated with greater participation in global value chains. Global value chains now represent a major source of socio-upgrading opportunities and a new path for development. In recent years, global value chains have played an increasing role in business strategies, profoundly affecting international trade and development paradigms.
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